Progression of proliferative lupus nephritis to end-stage renal disease is common. Anemia in chronic kidney disease has multifactorial etiology, but it is rarely associated with β- Thalassemia trait. Iron deficiency is common in hemodialysis patients due to increased blood loss. Microcytic hypochromic anemia may be due to iron deficiency, hemoglobinopathies and aluminum toxicity. Because chronic kidney disease is a chronic inflammatory state, it is difficult to exclude iron deficiency with classical biochemical markers. Treatment of anemia in chronic kidney disease is important as iron therapy may cause iron overload, increased susceptibility to infection, atherosclerosis and increased oxidative stress. Multiple blood transfusions may cause iron overload, risk of infection transmission and alloimmunization. Alloimmunization decreases donor pool and increases chances of rejection.

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Extension of life through organ transplantation is indeed a glorious tribute to the progress of science and the progressive mentality of the society at large. It is a sign of our changing times. Even though India has all the potential in becoming the leading nation in the transplantation process, the country lags behind due to multiple determinants. The present paper looks into those determinants that restrict deceased organ transplantation in India, through empirical evidences and literature review. The evidences suggest that the practice of deceased organ transplantation in India is still on the back foot due to various factors such as the lack of awareness among general public as well as medical professionals, sociocultural and religious factors, organizational issues, and legal and ethical aspects.

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Objectives: We aimed at creating a clinical profile of end-stage renal disease patients' gonadal function and assessing the impact of renal transplant on gonadal dysfunction. We studied the influence of age, vascular anastomosis, dialysis vintage, and immunosuppression on sexual dysfunction. Materials and Methods: Twenty adults were included. Hormones (luteinizing hormone [LH], follicle-stimulating hormone [FSH], testosterone, prolactin (PRL), and estrogen), menstrual history and International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF)-5 questionnaires were assessed before and after renal transplantation. Hormone evaluation was done by chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay technology. Results: Seventeen patients were male and three patients were female. Native kidney diseases were chronic glomerulonephritis (10%), IgA nephropathy (20%), autosomal dominant polycyctic kidney disease (5%), diabetic nephropathy (5%), focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (5%), renal calculus disease (5%), membranous nephropathy (5%), and pauci-immune vasculitis (5%). Fifteen males had erectile dysfunction (ED) before transplant. Eleven patients showed an increase and six patients showed a decrease in IIEF scores posttransplantation. Statistically significant changes were observed in the mean levels of testosterone, LH, PRL, and FSH. Age at transplant showed a negative correlation with IIEF score. In five patients with an end to side anastomosis to the external iliac artery, all had an increase in IIEF score posttransplant. In 12 patients with an end to end anastomosis to the internal iliac artery, 5 patients (42%) had a decrease in IIEF score posttransplant. Conclusions: Incidence of ED was 88% in our study. About 65% patients showed an increase in IIEF score posttransplantation. Increasing age at the time of transplant was a significant risk factor for the presence of ED. Renal transplantation corrected hormonal abnormalities in men. About 100% of patients with an end to side arterial anastomosis showed improvement in IIEF scores. There was no effect of dialysis vintage and immunosuppression regimes on sexual dysfunction.

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Background: Renal transplantation has become moderately accepted and successful due to advancement in overall management. However, long-term complications of renal transplantation still post new challenges. Pharmacologic treatment along with “appropriate level” of exercise helps to prevent long-term complications. This study reports the efficacy of appropriate level of aerobic exercises along with resisted training to prevent post-renal transplant complications in a single case of renal transplant recipient. Methods: This single- subject experimental study design consist of A1, B1, A2, B2 and A3 phases which include either of aerobic exercise, aerobic exercise with resisted training or home programme. Visual analysis and 2SD- band method was used to analyze serum creatinine, postprandial blood sugar, blood pressure, VO2 max and amount of medicines required to renal transplant recipient. Results: A favorable changes were noted among the specific variables even after longtime, when combined aerobic exercises with resisted training were given. Conclusion: This case study shows that Aerobic exercises with resisted training are effective to prevent post renal transplant complications among renal transplant recipient within two years of transplantation, which could not be generalized but provides impetus to further research.

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Background: The knowledge and attitude of medical students regarding organ donation is quintessential for the success of the organ donation program in a country. Objective: This study aimed to assess the knowledge and attitude of medical students regarding organ donation at Government Medical College, Trivandrum, Kerala, India. Methodology: Data of this cross-sectional study were collected by self-administered questionnaire from 194 final-year MBBS students during 2016, who were selected by convenient sampling. The questionnaire had three sections to gather information of sociodemographic details of the students, knowledge on organ donation, and the attitude toward organ donation. Results: The findings showed that a majority of the students had adequate knowledge regarding organ donation, but it is not translated into their willingness for donation – both cadaveric and live. Conclusion: The study reiterates the need for educational interventions for medical students which cut across various disciplines to make them understand the nuances of the issue in a holistic way.

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Aim: Tacrolimus has proven efficacy as an immunosuppressive therapy to prevent transplant rejection and is widely used as an immediate-release formulation in a twice-daily regimen. Once-daily prolonged-release tacrolimus aims to improve the outcomes by reducing variability in exposure and improving adherence. However, there are limited published data available on prolonged-release tacrolimus in routine clinical practice in India. Methods: This was a Phase IV, multicenter, prospective study of prolonged-release tacrolimus conducted over 12 weeks in adult patients eligible for de novo kidney or liver transplantation in India. Primary efficacy end-point was the event rate of biopsy-confirmed acute rejections (BCARs). Secondary end-points included corticosteroid-resistant rejection incidence, time to first BCAR, graft loss, and death. Safety end-points included renal function, lipid profile, incidence of new-onset diabetes mellitus after transplantation (NODAT), and infection. Results: The study enrolled 92 patients undergoing kidney (81 [88.0%]) or liver transplantation (11 [12.0%]); a total of 76 patients (82.6%) completed the study. Ten kidney transplant patients (overall 10.9%) experienced BCAR. There were seven corticosteroid-sensitive and three corticosteroid-resistant rejections. Median (range) time to kidney transplant rejection was 6.5 (1.0–76.0) days. Renal function was stable or improved. Lipid levels showed a significant increase. Eleven instances of NODAT and seven infections occurred and there were eight deaths (8.7%; six kidney and two liver transplant patients). Conclusions: In de novo kidney and liver transplant recipients in India, prolonged-release tacrolimus was well-tolerated and efficacious with a low incidence of acute rejection. Safety profile was similar to immediate-release tacrolimus from published data.

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Aim: Posttransplant hypertension (HTN) is a strong predictor of patient and graft survival. As there is a paucity of data in India, this retrospective analysis was done to look at the blood pressure (BP) in 506 renal transplant recipients, with 240 males, 266 females, mean age 42.90 ± 13.31 years, looking at their BP, at the initial and after 1 year later. Methods: This is a retrospective tertiary care study looking at serial BP measurements in 506 renal transplant recipients, correlating with their body mass index (BMI), graft function, proteinuria, antihypertensive used, erythropoietin usage, echocardiography native kidney disease, and new-onset diabetes mellitus till 1 year after transplantation. Results: According to the Joint National Committee 7 classification, initial BP was normal in 24 (4.74%), pre-HTN in 145 (28.65%), HTN Stage I in 227 (44.86%), and Stage II in 110 (21.73%) patients. One year later, BP was normal in 43 (8.55%), pre-HTN in 153 (30.26%), HTN Stage I in 236 (46.71%), and Stage II in 74 (14.47%) patients. Diabetics had a higher initial systolic BP (SBP) (P = 0.005). Patients with left ventricular hypertrophy had a higher SBP 1 year later (P = 0.001). Patients with BMI > 35 kg/m², had higher initial SBP (P = 0.01), initial diastolic BP (DBP) (P = 0.01) and also higher 1 year posttransplant SBP (P = 0.02) and DBP (P = 0.01). Conclusion: There was a high incidence of HTN in renal transplant recipients, 66.59% patients with HTN and 28.65% with pre-HTN in the initial posttransplant period, and 61.18% with HTN and 30.26% with pre-HTN in the 1-year posttransplant period.

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Background: Living donor renal transplantation is the dominant type of renal transplantation in developing countries such as India. We looked at factors affecting allograft and patient survival in such circumstances as these could be different owing to unique socioeconomic, demographic, and patient characteristics. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed data of living donor renal transplantation done at Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, over 5 years (2002–2007) to ascertain the factors that affect allograft and patient survival. The relationship of pretransplant characteristics of patient and donor, comorbid conditions, posttransplant immunosuppressive drug regimens, and infectious and noninfectious complications to allograft survival and patient survival were assessed. Results: A total of 554 living donor renal transplantation surgeries were performed during this period. Rates of death-censored renal allograft survival at 1, 3, and 5 years after transplant were 94%, 90%, and 79%, respectively. Independent predictors of death-censored graft loss were BK virus nephropathy, episodes of rejection, and use of immunosuppressive drug protocols other than triple drug regimen of tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, and prednisolone. The patient survival at 1, 3, and 5 years after transplant in our study was 92%, 87%, and 83%, respectively. Presence of cytomegalovirus disease, recipient age ≥50 years, unrelated transplant (spousal donor or donor beyond first-degree relative), and presence of any opportunistic infection were found to be significant independent predictors of patient survival. Conclusions: Although retrospective, our data have shown comparable rates for allograft and patient survival for living donor renal transplantation in India.

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Objective: To assess knowledge, attitude, and practices regarding organ/tissue donation. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among ambulatory, consenting adult (>18 years) visitors of a mid-level government hospital using a predesigned, pretested, semistructured interview schedule. Data were analyzed by calculating proportion, Chi-square test, and odds ratio (OR). Results: Of 450 respondents, 271 (60.2%) were aged more than 31 years, 264 (58.7%) were male, 345 (76.7%) were married, 374 (83.1%) were Hindu, 304 (67.6%) had studied up to 10^th class, 278 (61.8%) were working, 217 (48.2%) had 0–2 previous visit to this hospital, and 142 (31.6%) reported history of hospitalization. Majority (337, 74.9%) of the respondents had heard the term organ donation (OD). On probing further, nearly 87.3% and 82.4% of respondents had ever heard of eye and kidney donation, respectively. Encouragingly, more than half of respondents, i.e., 261 (58.0%), showed willingness for OD. Statistically (P < 0.001) higher odds for OD willingness was found among participants who were aware of the term OD (unadjusted OR [UOR] = 2.8, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.82–4.39), eye donation (UOR = 3.2, 95% CI: 1.78–5.76), and kidney donation (UOR = 4.0, 9.5% CI: 2.40–6.84). Similarly, higher willingness was found among single/separated participant and with higher level of education (P < 0.05). About one-fourth (120, 26.7%) of respondents had donated blood in the past, but this practice had no statistical bearing on the willingness for OD (P = 0.61). Nearly half of the respondents, i.e., 239 (53.1%), were aware that organs could be removed from both living and dead person; 373 (82.9%) of respondents were aware that organs cannot be removed from the body without authorized permission (UOR = 2.7, 95% CI: 1.57–4.88 and adjusted OR [AOR] = 2.6, 95% CI: 1.27–5.66). However, only 119 (26.4%) respondents consented to sign a pledge card for OD. Higher odds (AOR = 12.8, 95% CI: 5.02–32.75) for OD willingness was found among those who consented to sign a pledge card. A high of 364 (80.9%) respondents had no misconception that a person will be born with missing organ following donation of organ/tissue in this life. Conclusion: A high awareness but low level of positive attitude and practices was noticed among sampled metropolitan respondents toward organ/tissue donation.

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Only a few cases of acute appendicitis (AA) have been reported in renal transplant recipients. The presentation may be delayed or non-specific due to the masking of inflammatory signs in the immunosuppressed patient. It is essential to differentiate this condition from acute rejection, which may present in the same manner. The management of AA in the setting of a transplanted patient is not clear. A case report and review of literature is presented.

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Background and Aim: This study aims to study the long-term outcomes of hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected renal allograft recipients, which is still debatable. Materials and Methods: In this study (study period - January 2003 to December 2013), we studied long-term outcomes of 106 living donor renal allograft recipients - 53 HCV-infected (33 genotype 3 and 20 genotype 1) and 53 age- and gender-matched HCV-noninfected patients. Results: Thirty-nine (73.6%) patients detected HCV positive during dialysis, while 14 (26.4%) before the start of dialysis. Forty (75.5%) patients were positive for both anti-HCV and HCV RNA, while 13 (24.5%) were HCV RNA positive and anti-HCV negative. Twelve and nine patients died among HCV positive and negative groups, respectively. Major cause of death was sepsis in both groups. Hepatic failure contributed to mortality in four HCV-positive patients, two of them also had graft failure. Patient and death noncensored graft survival rates at 1, 5, and 10 years of follow-up in HCV-positive group were 100% and 100%; 79.8% and 70.8%; 58.9% and 37.8%; respectively; and in HCV-negative group were 100% and 100%; 95.9% and 91.8%; 58.9% and 27.4%; respectively. Conclusions: The long-term survival of HCV-positive renal transplant recipients was not inferior to that of HCV-negative recipients.

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Worldwide organ shortage is one of the most common hurdles while treating patients with end-stage liver disease, especially in countries where there is lack of interest in organ donation. Apart from this, cost of this remedy is one reason, which makes this treatment distant dream for many. In such a situation, to lose even a single donor becomes too costly, cost of which is life of some other patients. Extended criteria for liver donation are already in use, though in some situations clinicians feel like trapped between providing best care and managing organ demands. One of such tricky situations is incidentally found malignancy in donor. Recently, we came across such situation during the harvest of liver from a cadaver donor, which made us go through the literature and find the answer. Here, in this review, we share that experience and try to throw light on this enigmatic issue with special focus on incidentally found malignancies in cadaver donor.

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Aim: Kidney transplant (KT) recipients are at higher risks of infections due to the chronic disease conditions, the surgical procedure and immunosuppressive therapy following transplantation. We aimed to assess the incidence and the microbiology of urinary tract infections (UTIs) and surgical site infections (SSIs) in KT recipients at the transplant unit in Kandy Teaching Hospital, Sri Lanka. Methods: A prospective, descriptive study was carried out in patients undergoing KT for 6 months postoperatively. A urine full report and culture were carried out before transplantation and on days 1, 3, 7 and monthly for 6 months posttransplantation. Urine specimens yielding growth of ≥10⁵ CFU/ml were considered significant. In addition, patients were screened preoperatively for Staphylococcus aureus colonization by multi-site swabbing. The surgical sites were inspected daily for SSI. Results: Thirty-nine patients were recruited in the study. Two patients (5.1%) had preoperative UTI and 4 (10.3%) developed UTI within 6 months. Majority of post-KT UTI (75.0%) occurred in the 1^st month. UTI was commonly due to coliforms (50.0%) while S. aureus and Pseudomonas spp. accounted 25% each. All screened patients were colonized with S. aureus and majority (62.9%) were methicillin-resistant S. aureus. Only 3 (8.6%) KT recipients had SSIs. Conclusion: The incidence of UTI in KT recipients within the first 6 months was 10.3%, and majority occurred in the 1^st month. Patients, who were treated for UTI preoperatively, did not develop post-KT UTI. Coliforms were the most common organism. Although there was high S. aureus colonization index, the incidence of SSI in post-KT recipients was low.

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The rates of renal transplant for end stage renal disease are increasing worldwide. Vascular complications due to arterial thrombosis is seen only in less that 1% cases. We describe a case of 36 year old male who underwent a live-related renal transplant, whose post-operative period was complicated by juxta-anastomotic distal external iliac artery thrombosis. He was managed by thrombectomy and improved with complete recovery. Attention should be paid to anastomotic technique and prevention of formation of intimal flap. In case of arterial thrombosis, graft salvage can be attempted depending on the clinical scenario.

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Alport syndrome is a rare inheritable renal disease characterized by renal, cochlear, and ocular involvement. Patients commonly require renal replacement therapy in the second or third decade of life. Renal transplantation in pediatric patients has become a routinely successful procedure, with 1- and 5-year patient survival rates of 98%, the range takes into account the differences between living and deceased donors. These good outcomes represent the cumulative effect of improvements in pre- and post-transplant patient care, operative techniques, immunosuppression, and infection prophylaxis, diagnosis, and treatment. We report the case of a male child with Alport syndrome who underwent preemptive live renal transplant and his mother was the donor.

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Aim of This Study: This study aims to describe the utility of high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) of chest in renal transplant recipients in patients with pulmonary infection. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the findings of HRCT of chest in 48 postrenal transplant patients with documented pulmonary infection from September 2013 to August 2014. All patients underwent detailed investigations including specific pathological tests, chest X-ray, sputum analysis, bronchoalveolar lavage and pleural fluid analysis as and when required. HRCT was done in all patients on Somatom sensation 64 scan. The spectrum of causative organism and utility of HRCT was studied. Results: Out of 48 patients, the causative organism was confirmed by microbiology in 27 patients. These include 14 patients with Gram-negative bacteria, 5 patients with Gram-positive bacteria, 8 patients with fungal infection, and 3 patients with Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection confirmed on sputum analysis. The causative organism was confirmed to be cytomegalovirus-based on serological tests in 3 patients. Laboratory investigations could not identify the causative organism in 18 patients, 2 of them were treated with broad spectrum antibiotic, 13 patients with anti-tuberculous drugs, and 3 patients with antifungal therapy based on CT findings. Spectrum of HRCT findings was studied. Conclusion: We found bacterial infection is the most common in postrenal transplant patients followed by M. tuberculosis. Tree in bud appearance is common in M. tuberculosis infection. We found HRCT makes the road of early diagnosis of pulmonary infections smoother when coupled with clinical data.

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Objective: Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB), especially in cases with chronic kidney diseases (CKDs) have a significant impact on physical, social, economic, and material quality of life of women. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy, change in menstrual pattern, and patient satisfaction after transcervical resection of endometrium (TCRE) in women with AUB and CKD who underwent or were awaiting renal transplant and nonrespondents to medical management. Materials and Methodology: Eleven women with CKD (either underwent renal transplant or on dialysis) and AUB who did not respond to medical management underwent TCRE. The study period was 5 years. The main outcome measures were change in menstrual status, level of satisfaction with the procedure, and the need for repeat TCRE or hysterectomy. Results: The average age of the patients was 44.9 years. Out of the 22 women enrolled, 11 responded to medical management and only the remaining 11 women required TCRE. All 11 women underwent hysteroscopic-guided biopsy, and their histopathological reports revealed nonmalignant status. The average operating time for TCRE was 21.5 ± 8.02 min. Postoperatively 9 (81.81%) women had achieved amenorrhea while 2 (18.18%) developed oligomenorrhea. The duration from TCRE to amenorrhea ranges between 7 and 60 days with an average of 31.54 days. None of the women required hysterectomy. Conclusion: TCRE is clinically and cost effective alternative to medical management or hysterectomy in women with AUB and CKD. The cost-effectiveness, work performance, rapid convalescence, and improved the quality of life provide TCRE a “distinct edge” over the definitive management – hysterectomy.

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Background: Live donor kidney transplantation (KT) was started in 2008 in Bir Hospital, a government hospital of Nepal. The present study aims to find out patient and graft outcome, and the factors influencing the graft survival. Methods: It is a retrospective analysis of all KT from December 2008 to May 2013. The immunosuppressive was induction with intravenous methylprednisolone and daclizumab (n = 39) or basiliximab (n = 34) or anti-thymocyte globulin (n = 22) and maintenance with steroid, calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs), and mycophenolate mofetil. All data of recipients and donors were obtained from hospital records. Kaplan–Meier method was used for survival analysis. Results: Totally, ninety-five patients with follow-up duration of 1.5–6.5 years were analyzed. Recipients and donors were disproportionate in age (74.7% vs. 16.8% below 40 years) and gender (87.4% male vs. 77.9% female), respectively. Delayed graft function was observed in 10.5%, and slow graft function in 9.5% of patients with recovery of graft function before discharge in all except two. Within 2 years, 4.2% patients died because of infection and sepsis. Graft loss was observed in 14.7% due to antibody-mediated rejection (noncompliance 50% and unaffordability to treat 21.4%) and recurrent glomerulonephritis (28.6%). Patient survival at 1, 3, and 6.5 years was 97.9%, 95.8%, and 95.8%, respectively. Death noncensored graft survival was 97.9%, 86.2%, and 77.5%, respectively and death censored graft survival was 100%, 90%, and 80.9%, respectively with no influence of induction agents and recipient and donor factors in graft survival. Conclusion: The early and intermediate-term patient and graft outcome is satisfactory and low socioeconomic status related noncompliance is the major cause of graft loss.

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The best and most cost-effective treatment for end-stage renal disease patients is living donor (LD) renal transplantation. It has survival benefit compared to deceased donor (DD) kidney transplant (DDKT) and long-term dialysis and provides a better quality of life. Efficient and effective kidney allocation methods are increasingly necessary to address the problem of organ scarcity. The use of kidney paired donation transplant has increased access to LD kidney transplantation (LDKT) with outstanding results. ABO-incompatible kidney transplantation (KT) and desensitization protocol can expand the donor pool, but as integral to any aggressive immunosuppression protocol, they are associated with increased risk of infection and malignancy. Given the widespread organ shortage, DDKT from donors with sepsis, donors who died from snakebite or acute kidney injury, controlled donation after cardiac death, older donors, can be considered for KT with an acceptable outcome. The acceptable outcome can be achieved with dual KT using kidneys from expanded criteria donors in older population. Dual KT from pediatric donors to adult recipients or from adult marginal DDs is a promising way to expand the donor pool. Carefully selected donor with HIV, HCV, and HBV positivity is not a contraindication for living kidney donation. Careful and meticulous selection of patient and donor is essential for successful outcome. Affordable or free transplantation is other way to increase transplantation rate in developing country. The community support can make transplantation available free to the poor patients under community-government partnership. Various steps should be taken to promote LDKT and DDKT program.

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Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the perception and knowledge of health-care providers to the challenges of sustaining the growth of kidney transplantation programs in Nigeria. Materials and Methods: We conducted a survey of 166 health-care providers. A pretested questionnaire was administered on all participants. Information obtained were demographics, characteristics of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients, and prospective kidney donors encountered and perception of the barriers to the growth of kidney transplantation program. Results: The respondents returned 134 questionnaires out of 166 (response rate: 80.7%) and only 121 with complete responses were included in the analysis. The mean age was 42.5 ± 0.8 years and 47.9% were females. A quarter of the health-care providers encountered ESRD patients who were more likely to refuse kidney transplantation and 34.1% reported that most of the prospective kidney donors were unwilling to donate. Most of the health-care professionals (71.1%) preferred centers outside Nigeria for their patient's kidney transplantation, while three leading barriers to the growth of kidney transplantation program reported were lack of patients' trust (58.8%), failure of interprogram collaborations (55.0%), and absent of governmental supports (48.1%). Conclusions: The health-care professionals reported that more than a third of ESRD patients were not likely to accept kidney transplantation and an equal proportion of prospective donors will not agree to kidney donation. Majority of the health-care professionals preferred centers outside Nigeria for patients' kidney transplantation.

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Lymphocele is one of the most common complications following renal transplantation and can lead to an increase in morbidity. Its incidence has been reported to vary from 0.6% to 20%. The use of ultrasonography has increased the index of detection of lymphocele though the majority of them have small size and resolved spontaneously. We describe a case of a postrenal transplant patient who developed anuria due to transplanted ureteric compression by lymphocele in deceased donor dual-renal transplantation in the right renal fossa. When a transplanted patient comes with a history of sudden anuria, one should consider ureteric compression resulting from lymphocele as a possible cause.

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Aim: Over the last decade, the number of liver transplantations and centers that provide this service in India have grown exponentially. However, not all practices relevant to liver transplantation are uniform across the country. We decided to get the opinion from living donor liver transplant (LDLT) centers across the country on four specific aspects relating to LDLT. Methods: We formulated four specific questions that were carefully worded to incorporate aspects of “routine practice” and also answerable in the negative or affirmative, so as to make comparison possible. We collected the data of LDLT centers in India from popular resources such as MOHAN Foundation, from our institutional memory, and also by inquiring with respondents. The following questions were asked: (1) Do you routinely use N-acetyl cysteine for LDLT donors? (2) Do you use routinely use prostaglandin E1 (alprostadil) to facilitate hepatic artery flow in recipients? (3) Do you routinely use antiplatelets to prevent hepatic artery thrombosis in adult LDLT recipients? (4) Do you routinely use low molecular weight heparin for deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis after donor hepatectomy? Results: We received a total of 38 responses, of which 34 were complete. Conclusions: There is no consensus among practitioners regarding the studied aspects of the practice pertinent to immediate postoperative care in liver transplantation. This is primarily because there is neither evidence nor clear guidance from learned societies regarding these issues.

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